---
name: "Bruce Greenwood"
canonical: "https://film.one/person/bruce-greenwood"
fi1m_id: "bruce-greenwood"
imdb_id: "nm0339304"
tmdb_id: 21089
wikidata_id: "Q342788"
roles: ["Actor"]
born: "12 August 1956"
reviewed_on_fi1m: 18
average_fi1m_score: 68
average_as: "actor"
average_over: 18
updated: "2026-10-05T14:21:18.977867+00:00"
licence: "© Fi1m Ltd. Written by AI under a human editor; checked against sources before publication. Quote with attribution and a link to the canonical URL."
---

# Bruce Greenwood

## Identity

Bruce Greenwood

- **Canonical:** https://film.one/person/bruce-greenwood
- **Type:** Person
- **Fi1m ID:** bruce-greenwood
- **IMDb ID:** nm0339304
- **TMDB ID:** 21089
- **Wikidata ID:** Q342788
- **Same entity:** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood, https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342788, https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0339304/, https://www.themoviedb.org/person/21089

Actor. Born 12 August 1956 in Noranda, Québec, Canada.

## Details

- **Work:** Actor
- **Born:** 12 August 1956, Noranda, Québec, Canada
- **Active:** 1982–present
- **Also known as:** Брюс Гринвуд, Stuart Bruce Greenwood, Μπρους Γκρίνγουντ, 브루스 그린우드, 布魯斯·格林伍德, بروس گرینوود
- **Frequently works with:** [Alex Kurtzman](https://film.one/person/alex-kurtzman.md), [Chris Pine](https://film.one/person/chris-pine.md), [Damon Lindelof](https://film.one/person/damon-lindelof.md), [J.J. Abrams](https://film.one/person/j-j-abrams.md), [Roberto Orci](https://film.one/person/roberto-orci.md), [Zachary Quinto](https://film.one/person/zachary-quinto.md)
- **Average Fi1m score:** 68, as actor, over 18 titles
- **Fi1m score by decade:** 1980s 76 (2), 1990s 88 (1), 2000s 66 (7), 2010s 67 (6), 2020s 64 (2)
- **Fi1m against the critics:** 68 to 65 across 17 titles
- **Score spread:** 4 at 80+, 11 at 60–79, 3 under 60
- **Lead roles:** 3 of 16 acting credits billed first or second
- **Genres:** Drama 11, Action 6, Crime 4, Adventure 3, History 3, Science Fiction 3
- **Screen time:** 28 hours of reviewed films
- **Box office:** $2,521m across 14 films with figures
- **Elsewhere:** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood, https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342788, https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0339304/, https://www.themoviedb.org/person/21089

## Streaming the US now

- **Apple TV:** [*Star Trek*](https://film.one/film/star-trek.md) (81), [*I, Robot*](https://film.one/film/i-robot.md) (66), [*Star Trek Into Darkness*](https://film.one/film/star-trek-into-darkness.md) (60)
- **Disney+:** [*American Crime Story*](https://film.one/tv/american-crime-story.md) (78), [*National Treasure: Book of Secrets*](https://film.one/film/national-treasure-book-of-secrets.md) (52)
- **Amazon Prime Video:** [*I'm Not There*](https://film.one/film/im-not-there.md) (74), [*Thirteen Days*](https://film.one/film/thirteen-days.md) (70)
- **The Roku Channel:** [*Capote*](https://film.one/film/capote.md) (84)
- **Peacock:** [*Meek's Cutoff*](https://film.one/film/meeks-cutoff.md) (82)
- **Hulu:** [*The Post*](https://film.one/film/the-post.md) (74)
- **Netflix:** [*The Fall of the House of Usher*](https://film.one/tv/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher.md) (65)
- **HBO Max:** [*I Know This Much Is True*](https://film.one/tv/i-know-this-much-is-true.md) (63)

For United States; add `?region=XX` for another country.

## Fi1m on Bruce Greenwood

> Bruce Greenwood is often hired to make authority look credible. We value him most for the restraint of *The Sweet Hereafter*, where he gives a supporting character pain that matters without making a display of it.

In *The Sweet Hereafter* (1997), Bruce Greenwood’s Billy Ansel belongs to a bereaved community, but never seems merely another person for the lawyer’s case. Greenwood keeps the performance restrained, allowing the pain to be felt without underlining each change of emotion. Alongside Gabrielle Rose, he helps make the town feel populated by people who deserve attention in their own right. We were moved by Greenwood’s restraint, because Billy’s pain registers without a request for our sympathy. The fragmented storytelling can make us notice Atom Egoyan’s careful arrangement of events; the supporting performances keep us concerned with the people.

Egoyan is the central collaborator in this part of Greenwood’s career, with five films together beginning with *Exotica* (1994). Those understated dramatic parts deserve as much attention as his more familiar men in charge. Wider recognition came with his John F. Kennedy in *Thirteen Days* (2000), followed by Hollywood supporting work and, among it, Captain Christopher Pike in *Star Trek* (2009). The casting makes sense: Greenwood is credible as an authority figure. It also risks making that credibility seem like the whole of his ability.

In Bennett Miller’s *Capote* (2005), Greenwood plays Jack Dunphy in another carefully acted drama. Philip Seymour Hoffman’s writer dominates our attention, painfully human even as he exploits other people’s trust. The screenplay is more interested in his failings than in his talent, a limitation the acting cannot entirely remove. We recommend the film warmly, though Billy Ansel remains the better reason to follow Greenwood: that performance gives us a clearer sense of how much he can achieve without pressing for attention.

The recurring authority roles are the caveat. Credibility is useful, but repeated casting as presidents and captains can leave too little room for anything else. Egoyan’s bereaved town asks us to pay closer attention to people who might otherwise remain supporting details, and Greenwood rewards that attention. Start with *The Sweet Hereafter*, but not when the evening calls for reassurance.

## Biography

Stuart Bruce Greenwood (born 12 August 1956) is a Canadian actor and producer. Born in Noranda, Quebec, he studied at the University of British Columbia and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He began acting in the late 1970s, with early film roles in *Bear Island* (1980) and *First Blood* (1982), and television work including *St. Elsewhere* (1986–1988).

Greenwood has appeared in five films directed by Atom Egoyan. He played Billy Ansel in *The Sweet Hereafter* (1997), receiving a Genie Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role. He portrayed John F. Kennedy in *Thirteen Days* (2000), winning the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, and Captain Christopher Pike in *Star Trek* (2009) and *Star Trek Into Darkness* (2013). Other credits include *I, Robot* (2004), *National Treasure: Book of Secrets* (2007), *Super 8* (2011), *Flight* (2012), *The Place Beyond the Pines* (2013) and *Kingsman: The Golden Circle* (2017). He has received three Canadian Screen Award nominations.

*Sources: en.wikipedia.org, imdb.com, themoviedb.org.*

## On Fi1m (18)

- *The Fall of the House of Usher* (2023), Fi1m 65, as Roderick Usher — [page](https://film.one/tv/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher.md)
- *I Know This Much Is True* (2020), Fi1m 63, as Dr. Hume — [page](https://film.one/tv/i-know-this-much-is-true.md)
- *Kingsman: The Golden Circle* (2017), Fi1m 42, as President of the United States — [page](https://film.one/film/kingsman-the-golden-circle.md)
- *The Post* (2017), Fi1m 74, as Robert McNamara — [page](https://film.one/film/the-post.md)
- *American Crime Story* (2016), Fi1m 78, as Gil Garcetti — [page](https://film.one/tv/american-crime-story.md)
- *Star Trek Into Darkness* (2013), Fi1m 60, as Admiral Christopher Pike — [page](https://film.one/film/star-trek-into-darkness.md)
- *The Place Beyond the Pines* (2013), Fi1m 66, as Bill Killcullen — [page](https://film.one/film/the-place-beyond-the-pines.md)
- *Meek's Cutoff* (2011), Fi1m 82, as Stephen Meek — [page](https://film.one/film/meeks-cutoff.md)
- *Star Trek* (2009), Fi1m 81, as Captain Christopher Pike — [page](https://film.one/film/star-trek.md)
- *I'm Not There* (2007), Fi1m 74, as Keenan Jones / Garrett — [page](https://film.one/film/im-not-there.md)
- *National Treasure: Book of Secrets* (2007), Fi1m 52, as The President — [page](https://film.one/film/national-treasure-book-of-secrets.md)
- *Capote* (2005), Fi1m 84, as Jack Dunphy — [page](https://film.one/film/capote.md)
- *I, Robot* (2004), Fi1m 66, as Lawrence Robertson — [page](https://film.one/film/i-robot.md)
- *Swept Away* (2002), Fi1m 32, as Anthony 'Tony' Leighton — [page](https://film.one/film/swept-away-2002.md)
- *Thirteen Days* (2000), Fi1m 70, as John F. Kennedy — [page](https://film.one/film/thirteen-days.md)
- *The Sweet Hereafter* (1997), Fi1m 88, as Billy Ansel — [page](https://film.one/film/the-sweet-hereafter.md)
- *First Blood* (1982), Fi1m 74, as Guardsman #5 — [page](https://film.one/film/first-blood.md)
- *St. Elsewhere* (1982), Fi1m 78, as Seth Griffin — [page](https://film.one/tv/st-elsewhere.md)

## Complete filmography (151)

Every credit, newest first. Titles without a page can be requested for review on the HTML page.

- *The Fabulous Four* (2024), as Ted
- *The Invisibles* (2024), as Carl
- *The Fall of the House of Usher* (2023), series, as Roderick Usher — Fi1m 65, [page](https://film.one/tv/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher.md)
- *What Ever Happened to Jonny Faith* (2023), as Dr. Kelben
- *Dark Winds* (2022), series, as Tom Spenser — Fi1m 79, [page](https://film.one/tv/dark-winds.md)
- *Spark: A Systemic Racism Story* (2020), as Narrator (voice)
- *DC Showcase - Batman: Death in the Family* (2020), as Bruce Wayne / Batman (voice)
- *Lie Exposed* (2020), as Frank
- *I Know This Much Is True* (2020), series, as Dr. Hume — Fi1m 63, [page](https://film.one/tv/i-know-this-much-is-true.md)
- *Doctor Sleep* (2019), as Dr. John Dalton
- *Jett* (2019), series, as Mr. Carlyle
- *Sorry For Your Loss* (2018), as Jeff
- *The Resident* (2018), series, as Randolph Bell
- *Batman: Gotham by Gaslight* (2018), as Bruce Wayne / Batman (voice)
- *The Post* (2017), as Robert McNamara — Fi1m 74, [page](https://film.one/film/the-post.md)
- *Gerald's Game* (2017), as Gerald
- *Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House* (2017), as Sandy Smith
- *Kingsman: The Golden Circle* (2017), as President of the United States — Fi1m 42, [page](https://film.one/film/kingsman-the-golden-circle.md)
- *Kodachrome* (2017), as Uncle Dean
- *Dirty Dancing* (2017), as Dr. Jake Houseman
- *Spectral* (2016), as General Orland
- *Gold* (2016), as Mark Hancock
- *American Crime Story* (2016), series, as Gil Garcetti — Fi1m 78, [page](https://film.one/tv/american-crime-story.md)
- *Rehearsal* (2015), as Turner Horatio Longfellow
- *Bob's Broken Sleigh* (2015), as Fishface (voice)
- *Truth* (2015), as Andrew Heyward
- *Fathers and Daughters* (2015), as William
- *Wildlike* (2015), as Rene Bartlett
- *Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp* (2015), series, as Bill Martinson
- *Good Kill* (2015), as Lieutenant Colonel Jack Johns
- *Elephant Song* (2015), as Dr. Toby Green
- *The Captive* (2014), as Vince
- *Endless Love* (2014), as Hugh Butterfield
- *And Now a Word from Our Sponsor* (2013), as Adan Kundle
- *Devil's Knot* (2013), as Judge David Burnett
- *Star Trek Into Darkness* (2013), as Admiral Christopher Pike — Fi1m 60, [page](https://film.one/film/star-trek-into-darkness.md)
- *The Place Beyond the Pines* (2013), as Bill Killcullen — Fi1m 66, [page](https://film.one/film/the-place-beyond-the-pines.md)
- *The Challenger Disaster* (2013), as General Kutyna
- *Outlaws - For Greater Glory* (2012), as Ambassador Dwight Morrow
- *Flight* (2012), as Charlie Anderson
- *The River* (2012), series, as Emmet Cole
- *Hitler's Stealth Fighter* (2011), as Narrator
- *Donovan's Echo* (2011), as Finnley · Producer
- *Cell 213* (2011), as Warden
- *Super 8* (2011), as Cooper
- *Meek's Cutoff* (2011), as Stephen Meek — Fi1m 82, [page](https://film.one/film/meeks-cutoff.md)
- *Young Justice* (2010), series, as Bruce Wayne (voice), Batman / Eduardo Dorado Sr. (voice), Batman / Pieter Cross (voice), Batman / Rumaan Harjavti (voice), Batman / Wotan (voice), Bruce Wayne / Batman / Markovian Citizen (voice), Eduardo Dorado, Sr. (voice), Batman (voice), Batman / Viktor Markov (voice), Eduardo Dorado, Sr. / Matt
- *Barney's Version* (2010), as Blair
- *Dinner for Schmucks* (2010), as Lance Fender
- *Batman: Under the Red Hood* (2010), as Batman / Bruce Wayne (voice)
- *A Dog Named Christmas* (2009), as George McCray
- *Mao’s Last Dancer* (2009), as Ben Stevenson
- *Star Trek* (2009), as Captain Christopher Pike — Fi1m 81, [page](https://film.one/film/star-trek.md)
- *Cyborg Soldier* (2008), as Simon Hart
- *The Summit* (2008), series, as Richard Adderly
- *National Treasure: Book of Secrets* (2007), as The President — Fi1m 52, [page](https://film.one/film/national-treasure-book-of-secrets.md)
- *I'm Not There* (2007), as Keenan Jones / Garrett — Fi1m 74, [page](https://film.one/film/im-not-there.md)
- *Mad Men* (2007), series, as Richard — Fi1m 88, [page](https://film.one/tv/mad-men.md)
- *John from Cincinnati* (2007), series, as Mitch Yost
- *Firehouse Dog* (2007), as Connor Fahey
- *Déjà Vu* (2006), as Jack McCready
- *The Mermaid Chair* (2006), as Hugh Sullivan
- *Eight Below* (2006), as Davis McClaren
- *Class of the Titans* (2006), series, as Chiron (voice)
- *The World's Fastest Indian* (2005), as Jerry
- *Capote* (2005), as Jack Dunphy — Fi1m 84, [page](https://film.one/film/capote.md)
- *Mee-Shee: The Water Giant* (2005), as Sean Cambell
- *Saving Milly* (2005), as Mort Kondracke
- *American Dad!* (2005), series, as Navy Captain (voice)
- *Racing Stripes* (2005), as Nolan Walsh
- *The Republic Of Love* (2004), as Tom Avery · Executive Producer
- *The Riverman* (2004), as Robert Keppel
- *The Life* (2004), as Arnie
- *Being Julia* (2004), as Lord Charles
- *I, Robot* (2004), as Lawrence Robertson — Fi1m 66, [page](https://film.one/film/i-robot.md)
- *American Meltdown* (2004), as Agent Tom Shea
- *Hollywood Homicide* (2003), as Lt. Bennie Macko
- *The Core* (2003), as Cmdr. Robert Iverson
- *Swept Away* (2002), as Anthony 'Tony' Leighton — Fi1m 32, [page](https://film.one/film/swept-away-2002.md)
- *Below* (2002), as Brice
- *Ararat* (2002), as Clarence Ussher / Martin
- *The Magnificent Ambersons* (2002), as Eugene Morgan
- *Haven* (2001), as Myles Billingsley
- *Haven* (2001), series, as Myles Billingsley
- *A Girl Thing* (2001), series, as Frank
- *Thirteen Days* (2000), as John F. Kennedy — Fi1m 70, [page](https://film.one/film/thirteen-days.md)
- *Hide and Seek* (2000), as Jack
- *Rules of Engagement* (2000), as National Security Advisor Bill Sokal
- *Here on Earth* (2000), as Earl Cavanaugh
- *The Soul Collector* (1999), as Zacariah
- *Double Jeopardy* (1999), as Nick Parsons
- *The Lost Son* (1999), as Friedman
- *Thick as Thieves* (1999), as Bo
- *The Color of Courage* (1999), as Benjamin Sipes
- *Disturbing Behavior* (1998), as Dr. Edgar Caldicott
- *Sleepwalkers* (1997), series, as Dr. Nathan Bradford
- *The Sweet Hereafter* (1997), as Billy Ansel — Fi1m 88, [page](https://film.one/film/the-sweet-hereafter.md)
- *Fathers' Day* (1997), as Bob Andrews
- *The Absolute Truth* (1997), as Jake Slaughter
- *Tell Me No Secrets* (1997), as Don Shaw
- *Mixed Blessings* (1995), as Andy Douglas
- *Dazzle* (1995), as Casey Nelson
- *Dazzle* (1995), series, as Casey Nelson
- *Nowhere Man* (1995), series, as Thomas Veil
- *Dream Man* (1995), as Tom Cavanaugh
- *Naomi & Wynonna: Love Can Build a Bridge* (1995), as Larry Strickland
- *The Companion* (1994), as Geoffrey
- *Exotica* (1994), as Francis
- *Treacherous Beauties* (1994), as Jason Hollister
- *Paint Cans* (1994), as Vittorio Musso
- *Hardball* (1994), series, as Dave Logan
- *Bitter Vengeance* (1994), as Jack Westford
- *Heart of a Child* (1994), as Fred Schouten
- *Woman on Trial: The Lawrencia Bembenek Story* (1993), as Fred Schultz
- *Woman on the Run: The Lawrencia Bembenek Story* (1993), series, as Fred Schultz
- *Adrift* (1993), as Nick Terrio
- *Rio Diablo* (1993), as Jervis Walker
- *Passenger 57* (1992), as Stuart Ramsey
- *The Larry Sanders Show* (1992), series, as Roger Bingham — Fi1m 91, [page](https://film.one/tv/the-larry-sanders-show.md)
- *Perfect Crimes* (1991), as Faulkner
- *Veronica Clare* (1991), series, as Lieutenant Gil Reed
- *Servants of Twilight* (1991), as Charlie Harrison
- *The Great Pretender* (1991), as Earle Brattigan
- *The Little Kidnappers* (1990), as Willem Hooft
- *Summer Dreams: The Story of The Beach Boys* (1990), as Dennis Wilson
- *Road to Avonlea* (1990), series, as Caleb Stokes
- *Spy* (1989), as Richard Berk
- *Wild Orchid* (1989), as Jerome McFarland
- *Another Chance* (1989), as John Ripley
- *Perry Mason: The Case of the All-Star Assassin* (1989), as Stewart Horton
- *Twist of Fate* (1989), series, as Daniel Grossman
- *In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders* (1988), as Agent Jerry Dove
- *Jake and the Fatman* (1987), series, as Carson Warfield
- *Destination: America* (1987), as Corbet St. James V
- *The Malibu Bikini Shop* (1986), as Todd
- *Matlock* (1986), series, as Mitchell Gordon
- *The Climb* (1986), as Hermann Buhl
- *Striker's Mountain* (1985), as Paul Striker
- *Danger Bay* (1985), series, as Sam Hayes
- *Peyton Place: The Next Generation* (1985), as Dana Harrington
- *Jessie* (1984), series, as Det. Roy Moss
- *Legmen* (1984), series, as Jack Gage
- *The Hitchhiker* (1983), series, as Jeff Boder
- *St. Elsewhere* (1982), series, as Seth Griffin — Fi1m 78, [page](https://film.one/tv/st-elsewhere.md)
- *First Blood* (1982), as Guardsman #5 — Fi1m 74, [page](https://film.one/film/first-blood.md)
- *Huckleberry Finn and His Friends* (1980), series, as Bob Grangerford
- *Knots Landing* (1979), series, as Pierce Lawton
- *Bear Island* (1979), as Technician (Tommy)
- *Terra Infirma*, as Gallagher
- *Hyde*, Actor
- *The Marshal*, as White

## Gallery

- ![38th Annual Saturn Awards - Bruce Greenwood and Lance Reddick (2012)](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-44bcab24fdbf.jpg) 38th Annual Saturn Awards - Bruce Greenwood and Lance Reddick (2012) — The Conmunity -  Pop Culture Geek from Los Angeles, CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/38th_Annual_Saturn_Awards_-_Bruce_Greenwood_and_Lance_Reddick_%2814135276226%29.jpg/1280px-38th_Annual_Saturn_Awards_-_Bruce_Greenwood_and_Lance_Reddick_%2814135276226%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail)
- ![38th Annual Saturn Awards - Bruce Greenwood from Star Trek (2012)](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-398ecc62691e.jpg) 38th Annual Saturn Awards - Bruce Greenwood from Star Trek (2012) — The Conmunity -  Pop Culture Geek from Los Angeles, CA, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/38th_Annual_Saturn_Awards_-_Bruce_Greenwood_from_Star_Trek_%2814155121331%29.jpg/1280px-38th_Annual_Saturn_Awards_-_Bruce_Greenwood_from_Star_Trek_%2814155121331%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail)
- ![Bruce Greenwood at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival.](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-63a5dbdfbbfd.jpg) Bruce Greenwood at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival. — gdcgraphics, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/BruceGreenwoodTIFFSept10.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled)
- ![Bruce Greenwood in 2016](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-3a987120c1cf.jpg) Bruce Greenwood in 2016 — Mike Muegel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bruce_Greenwood_%2829223732930%29.jpg/1280px-Bruce_Greenwood_%2829223732930%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail)
- ![Bruce Greenwood](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-6b57a9f56f1d.jpg) Bruce Greenwood — Image via TMDB
- ![Bruce Greenwood](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-4667b301e77c.jpg) Bruce Greenwood — Image via TMDB
- ![Bruce Greenwood](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-ddd41cf0e29d.jpg) Bruce Greenwood — Image via TMDB
- ![Bruce Greenwood](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-ecc1b48ce036.jpg) Bruce Greenwood — Mike Muegel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bruce_Greenwood_%2829223732930%29_cropped.jpg/1280px-Bruce_Greenwood_%2829223732930%29_cropped.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail)
- ![Bruce Greenwood](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-696e6e7a639d.jpg) Bruce Greenwood — Image via TMDB
- ![Bruce Greenwood](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-d2797af21fba.jpg) Bruce Greenwood — Image via TMDB
- ![Bruce Greenwood](https://film.one/media/person/87151/gallery-f90502c3cfe3.jpg) Bruce Greenwood — Image via TMDB

---
© Fi1m Ltd. Written by AI under a human editor; checked against sources before publication. Quote with attribution and a link to the canonical URL. Canonical: https://film.one/person/bruce-greenwood
